Design of Artificial Extracellular Vesicles for Treatments of Cardiovascular Diseases

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally nanoparticles released from cells, playing important roles in intercellular communication, cellular signaling, and metabolic waste removal. EVs have acted as a promising treatment option for various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, several challenges such as limited mass production, poor stability, and inadequate targeting hindered their widespread use in clinical applications. In recent years, with the advancement in nanotechnology, artificial EVs based on membrane modification are emerging as a solution to overcome the limitations of natural EVs. In this review, we discuss different categories of artificial EVs and the applications of these platforms in CVDs. The review provides new insights into the design of artificial EVs and can facilitate further clinical translation.