Extracellular Vesicles in Pregnancy: Functional Insights, Diagnostic Potential for Maternal–Fetal Disorders, and Therapeutic Implications

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are receiving increasing amounts of attention during pregnancy. The unique properties of EVs, especially their potential for cargo protection and tissue-specific delivery, make them key players in regulating various physiological processes at the fetal–maternal interface. In particular, EVs have great potential as noninvasive biomarkers for monitoring maternal development and fetal health. The ability of these devices to encapsulate specific molecules associated with pathological conditions provides a new avenue for the early detection and accurate assessment of pregnancy-related complications. Additionally, new evidence suggests the promise of using EVs for therapeutic purposes to ameliorate pregnancy-associated disorders, demonstrating their potential to advance individualized medicine. Taken together, the results of this review lead to a better understanding of the multifaceted functions of EVs throughout pregnancy, explore their diagnostic potential for fetal–maternal disorders, and provide insights into their role as therapeutic agents in the treatment of pregnancy-related diseases. As the field continues to evolve, understanding the complex contributions of EVs to pregnancy-related processes and fully utilizing the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of EVs will hold great promise for improving maternal and fetal health outcomes.