Current status of marine litter and microplastic contamination across India’s coastal boundaries: Challenges and Management

Marine litter, composed of a diverse array of materials ranging from plastics to metals, has emerged as a pervasive and escalating environmental concern. Within this broader issue, microplastics (MPs, size ≤5 mm), have garnered particular attention due to their ubiquity and potential ecological ramifications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding marine litter and microplastics in the Indian marine environment, emphasizing their sources, distribution, impacts, and potential mitigation strategies. Marine life can ingest these particles, leading to physical harm, blockage of digestive systems, and potential transfer of toxic substances up the food chain. Additionally, microplastics can act as vectors for transporting harmful pathogens and pollutants, exacerbating the ecological consequences. While the full extent of health risks is still being explored, preliminary studies suggest the need for a comprehensive understanding of the consequences of microplastic ingestion on human health. Accurately assessing the extent and impact of microplastics presents significant challenges. Detection and quantification methods vary, and the microscopic nature of these pollutants complicates monitoring efforts. Standardized protocols for sampling and analysis are crucial for generating reliable data and facilitating cross-comparisons between studies. Efforts to address marine litter and microplastics involve a combination of regulatory measures, technological innovations, and public awareness initiatives. Implementing effective waste management practices on land, reducing single-use plastic consumption, and promoting recycling are crucial steps. Advanced technologies for the detection and removal of marine litter, and the development of biodegradable alternatives to conventional plastics, contribute to mitigation efforts.