Microbial Biodegradation of Plastics and Microplastics: Recent Development

The persistent and potentially harmful nature of plastic and microplastic pollution has given rise to significant ecological concerns, posing threats to both ecosystems and human health. Recognizing the pivotal role of biological processes in plastic degradation there is a growing focus on the feasibility of utilizing microorganisms for this purpose. This study initiates a preliminary discussion on the biodegradation mechanism, emphasizing the advantages and roles of distinct bacterial enzymes, such as PET hydrolase and PCL-cutinase. PET hydrolase targets PET, while PCL-cutinase is effective against PCL, showcasing their diverse applications in polymer degradation. The review provides insights into the modes of action and potential enzymatic mechanisms employed by these bacterial enzymes, summarizing studies on the biological degradation of plastics and microplastics. Mechanisms and influencing factors, along with the enzymes enhancing synthetic plastics’ degradation, are highlighted. Moreover, the adverse impacts of plastic additives and plasticizers on biodegradation are discussed, underlining their role in plastic pollution. Recognizing the need for enhanced degradation efficiency and reduced toxic plastic pollution, various pre-treatments are explored. These pre-treatments aim to optimize the efficiency of biodegradation, offering a promising avenue for mitigating the environmental impact of plastics. While existing research demonstrates the involvement of numerous microorganisms in plastic biodegradation, the specific mechanisms remain an area for further exploration. This knowledge gap presents a significant opportunity to harness various bacterial strains for efficient plastic degradation, contributing to improved human health and safety. Future endeavors should delve into unraveling the intricate mechanisms employed by these microorganisms for a more comprehensive understanding of their potential.