Role of Human Milk Immune Modulators on Infant’s Health

Human milk is an excellent source of nutrients along with immune-enhancing components which nourish the infant by promoting their health outcomes. At birth, the newborn’s immune system contains minimal anti-inflammatory and anti-infective properties in their gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) with underdeveloped physical and chemical barrier as well as a delayed T-cell activity and decreased immunoglobulin secretion. Exclusive breastfeeding generally enhances newborn’s immune system by providing them with several nutrients, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory components along with beneficial gut flora which protect them from serious health risk during their early stage of life. Hence, it is strongly recommended for the first 6 months of life. Potential probiotic bacteria and other immune components which are transmitted to newborn’s gut through breast feeding also play a crucial part in the GIT. Research has established that the placenta transfers the SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from earlier infected mother to its babies through lactation and can protect the baby against COVID-19 for at least 6 months. This review article mainly focuses on the essential and immunomodulatory and immunostimulatory components found in human milk along with their function in GIT and its protective effects against SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) in newborns.