Nanozyme-Mediated Biosensing: An Insight into the Mechanisms Employed for the Continuous Analyte Monitoring

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current advancements in biosensing technologies, emphasizing the integration of enzyme and nanomaterial-based mechanisms for continuous monitoring of analytes. The core of biosensors lies in their ability to combine biological recognition elements with physicochemical transducers, yielding rapid, specific, and highly sensitive detection capabilities that are crucial across various domains such as environmental monitoring, forensic analysis, and medical diagnostics. Recent developments have significantly refined these technologies, particularly through innovations in continuous monitoring systems that enhance stability, response times, and in situ analysis. This chapter delves into the various enzyme immobilization techniques including adsorption, covalent binding, cross-linking, entrapment, affinity, and ionic binding, exploring their advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Furthermore, it highlights the pivotal role of nanomaterials whose unique properties substantially boost biosensor functionality by improving detection limits and operational stability. A significant portion of the chapter is dedicated to discussing the impact of surface functionalization techniques that enhance the specificity and sensitivity of biosensors, which are essential for clinical diagnostics and continuous monitoring applications. Finally, the chapter outlines the integration of these technological advancements into effective continuous monitoring strategies, utilizing both electrochemical and optical sensing methods that leverage the synergies between nanotechnology and bioelectronics. This discussion not only sheds light on the transformative potential of these advanced biosensing platforms but also underscores the ongoing need for innovation in this rapidly evolving field.