Comparative Analysis of Two Different Storage Modules for Techno-Economically Optimum and Environmentally Benign Decentralized Hybrid Energy Systems for EV Charging Stations: A Case Study of Kolkata

Ever-increasing passenger and freight traffic increases the global demand for transportation systems. It is projected to double by 2050. Such growth in the transportation sector represents the economic and environmental development of the society. It increases the energy consumption and environmental emissions that must need to be addressed. To meet the sustainable development goal (SDG 7), transportation sector must follow the emerging energy generation systems trajectory. The increased EV demand increases the energy consumption that may create disturbances in the centralized grid system’s stability. It also increases the electricity cost. To reduce this critical challenge, developing overall sustainable decentralized hybrid energy system-based EV charging stations is the global need. This study aims to analyze techno-economic and environmental performance aspects of different energy combinations integrated with two different emerging storage modules for developing overall sustainable energy solutions. The analysis result shows that the combination of photovoltaic-wind-DG-lithium-ion is techno-economically optimal (cost of electricity—$0.204/kWh) with least environmental impact.