Temporal Forcing Induced Pattern Transitions

Fleming was the first researcher to demonstrate the control of phytoplankton blooming by zooplankton through mathematical modeling[328]. Afterwards, there exist various functional responses such as Ivlev-type [333,335] and Holling-type [329,330] to describe the relation between phytoplankton and zooplankton. Based on these works, there are greatly and deeply understanding of dynamical properties for plankton system, which provides insight into solving some ecological problems [331,340].