Continuous-Time Grey Endogenous Models

According to the classification in chapter 1 , continuous-time grey endogenous model is a typical type of grey forecasting model. Since Professor Deng Julong’s original proposal of the continuous-time univariate first-order differential grey forecasting model GM(1,1) (Deng 1989), scholars have successively put forward continuous-time non-homogeneous grey forecasting models with different forcing term features, such as linear terms and time power terms, based on its unique modeling paradigm, resulting in a series of research achievements in model optimization and improvement. In summary, the existing types and complex structures of continuous grey forecasting models have limited their theoretical research and practical applications.