Stem Cells in Osteonecrosis: Cons

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are progenitor cells from various tissues with the potential for self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell lineages. The multipotency, paracrine effects, and immunomodulatory properties of these cells make them useful for the research of cell therapy modalities in bone and joint diseases, particularly osteonecrosis (ON). In addition to proliferation and differentiation, implanted MSCs also secrete angiogenic cytokines that may be significant for remodeling in osteonecrosis [1, 2].