Autoimmune Disease (SLE, Antiphospholipid Syndrome), Posttransplantation (Kidney, Liver, Heart, Bone Marrow), and Other Risk Factors (Chemotherapy, Caisson Disease, Radiation, Pancreatitis, Gaucher’s Disease)

The pathogenesis of osteonecrosis (ON) is unclear, although it is known that it results in bone death [1]. ON is associated with a wide spectrum of systemic disorders [1], and corticosteroid use [2], alcohol consumption [3], cigarette smoking [3], intravascular coagulation [4], and trauma [5] are well-known risk factors. In this chapter, we discuss other risk factors of ON, namely, autoimmune disease (systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome) [6–10], transplantation (kidney, liver, heart, bone marrow) [11–20], and others (chemotherapy, radiation, Caisson disease, pancreatitis, and Gaucher’s disease) [1, 21–31].