ARCO Classification Criteria of Glucocorticoid-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head
摘要
Glucocorticoids are commonly used for the treatment of various medical conditions such as autoimmune diseases, inflammatory conditions, and organ transplantation [1–3]. Long-term or high-dose usage of glucocorticoids has been associated with an increased risk of osteonecrosis, particularly in the femoral head [4–8]. Since 1957, when the first case of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) after the use of glucocorticoid was reported, many human and animal studies identified the glucocorticoid use as a leading cause of ONFH [4–12].