Extra-articular Deformities

There are two types of lower limb deformities: intra-articular deformities caused by bone loss in the joint or deformation of the joint surface and extra-articular deformities caused by deformation of the femur or tibia. The causes of extra-articular deformity include deformity healing after fracture (including epiphyseal injury), osteotomy, congenital and metabolic diseases. This section describes TKA in patients with extra-articular deformities.