Imaging

The residual pain related factors after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) vary and include loosening, instability, and malalignment. Moreover, multiple factors occasionally overlap, and extraarticular factors may exist. To identify these factors efficiently, imaging examinations, such as X-rays with specific positions, stress views of X-rays, and 3D-imaging tools such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are also effective.