Biofilm Formation in Candida Species

A key factor playing a significant role in the virulence of Candida albicans is its capacity to produce biofilms. Biofilm represents a microbial community that attaches to the biotic or abiotic surface. Numerous severe microbial infections arise due to biofilms that do not respond to standard antimicrobial treatment. Treating infections associated with biofilms involves destroying their extracellular matrix and killing the microbe, which is largely more challenging. Biofilm formation is a notable aspect of Candida species’ virulence and pathogenicity, serving as a protective shield against external factors like the host’s immune defenses and antifungal medications. Biofilms formed by Candida, the most important member of pathogenic fungi, predominantly emerge in the mucosa, contributing to the onset of typical Candida infection. Considering the upsurge of diverse molecular techniques and genomic data in the last two decades, there has been a growing focus on understanding biofilm formation mechanisms and regulatory processes in different Candida species. Therefore, in this chapter, we critically reflect on biofilm formation in Candida spp. to understand the molecular mechanisms and transcriptional factors regulating the process. This chapter also discussed the variations in biofilm formation among the Candida species and its association with antifungal resistance. Finally, the chapter explores the creation of mixed-species biofilms and their implications for virulence.