Business Management Characteristics in Japan and Germany

Chapter 2 looked at the overall system of business management as a structural framework for conditions that define the established methods of business management within the characteristics of capitalism as they are implemented in a specific country. Following the topics of the preceding chapter, this chapter examines fundamental characteristics of Japanese-style management and German-style management after the war, paying special attention to some important indicators such as long-term orientation or short-term orientation, profit orientation or growth orientation, emphasis on the rate of return of investment (ROI) or market share, production orientation or marketing orientation, production and technique orientation or financial earnings orientation, individualism or collectivism, emphasis on competition or cooperation, and shareholder or stakeholder orientation. It attempts to clarify key features of business management in each country by comparing them with those of the United States, the most influential management model postwar, and other European countries.