“Reframing” in the Americanization Process and Japanese-Style Management and German-Style Management from the Postwar Period to the Early 1970s

Based on the previous chapters’ topics in Part III, this chapter recaptures the changes in business management in Japan and Germany during economic growth up to the early 1970s by applying the framework “reframing” depicted in Chap. 1 . Problems stemming from the Japanese and German approaches to conforming to American methods are explored as influenced by cultural and traditional factors in business management and institutional factors. Moreover, influences of the structural characteristics of Japanese and German capitalism, such as the structures of productive forces, industrial structure, and market structure, are examined. This chapter also elucidates the development of Japanese-style business management and German-style business management in relation to capitalism’s reproduction (accumulation) structure in each country.