Graphene Reinforcement in Cementitious Materials: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanical and Durability Properties

Graphene is a two-dimensional allotrope of carbon with unique properties like high strength, thermal and electrical conductivity, and a large surface area. Recently, researchers have been investigating the use of graphene in cementitious materials to improve their mechanical and durability properties. Significant enhancements in the mechanical characteristics like compressive, tensile, flexural, and bond strength have been observed by adding small concentrations of graphene. Furthermore, graphene provides an impermeable layer that protects reinforcing rebars from corrosion. The increase in strength depends on the high aspect ratio, uniform dispersion, and excellent interfacial bonding between graphene and the matrix, and increased crack resistance. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals and applications of graphene and summarize the impacts of incorporating graphene oxide on the mechanical and durability characteristics of cementitious materials.