In this chapter, we described the normal findings in vagina including anatomy, histology, and vaginal microflora. We then describe the whole spectrum of benign diseases including inflammatory and other disorders with the focus on their etiopathogenesis and morphological features, which are necessary to achieve a correct diagnosis. The differential diagnosis is described in detail, especially in entities which can be confused with some premalignant or malignant diseases, such as malacoplakia, vaginal cysts, and tumor-like lesions including fibroepithelial polyps, tubulo-squamous polyps, postoperative spindle cell nodules, and prolapsed fallopian tube. Moreover, vaginal adenosis is discussed, including its historical perspective.