Models and Sub-domain Models for Digital Twins

Hybrid modeling, physics-based (It is considered the equivalent of model-based, and we continue to use this terminology in this chapter unless otherwise stated.) and data-driven modeling, co-simulation, and digital twin development are all essential components of digital twin development for multi-domain operation systems (MDOS). This chapter elaborates on applications of hybrid modeling, co-simulation, and digital twin technology to MDOS modeling. It discusses the advantages of using these technologies to improve the performance, reliability, and scalability of MDOS modeling. It also discusses the challenges associated with implementing these technologies and the potential solutions to address them. An overview of existing research and applications is given. Finally, model development towards the applications and implementations for the Gunnerus digital twin ship is described by using its reference models.