Exploring Energy-Efficient Design: Analysis and Comparison of Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

The design of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) presents considerable challenges due to their constrained energy operations, limited transmission ranges, processing constraints, buffer limitations, bandwidth-restricted connections, dynamic network topologies, and specific traffic patterns. The primary function of WSNs is to amass data through sensor nodes, transmit it to a designated collection node, and find utility across diverse applications. This investigation offers a comprehensive examination of diverse approaches and their application in conserving energy within WSNs. Furthermore, it undertakes a comparative assessment of distinct characteristics and design methodologies concerning energy-efficient WSN protocols suitable for various applications. In essence, the research presents an overview of protocols employed by GAEEC, RMER, LEACH, and UWSN, among others. The study also emphasizes the outcomes of numerous protocols concerning metrics such as packet delivery ratio, throughput, energy consumption, and power usage.