Catalyst-Free Thermally Induced 1,2,3-Triazole Forming Approaches

Traditional click reactions often rely on metal catalysts, which can introduce issues of toxicity and environmental impact. The catalyst-free approach not only simplifies the synthetic procedure but also aligns with the principles of green chemistry, reducing the environmental footprint. Comprehensive mechanistic studies reveal the role of thermal energy in facilitating the cycloaddition process, providing insights into reaction kinetics and selectivity. The method achieves high yields and regioselectivity under mild thermal conditions without the need for external catalysts. This chapter widely explores a catalyst-free, thermally induced approach to the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles via click chemistry. The method demonstrate an efficient and green alternative, utilizing thermal activation to drive the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azides and alkynes and related [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. The method’s broad applicability is showcased through the synthesis of various triazole derivatives, highlighting its potential in pharmaceuticals, materials science, and beyond.