Introduction

Catalysts are an important part of organic reactions, they can reduce the reaction energy barrier, and thereby accelerate the reaction rate and make the reaction more efficient. Modern industrial organic synthesis and laboratory research are increasingly dependent on the development and utilization of high-performance catalysts. At a rough estimate, more than 75% of all existing industrial chemical processes and 90% of newly developed reactions involve the use of catalysts. In 1895, Ostwald came up with the definition that we use until today: A catalyst is a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself appearing into the products.