Flow Cytometry: Revolutionizing Cellular Analysis in Spectral and Microfluidic Dimensions

Flow cytometry (FC), a potent technique measuring fluorescence and scatter, plays a pivotal role in medicine and biotechnology. Capable of isolating cells via sorting, FC identifies diverse phenotypic subsets within complex mixtures. The field is transforming from traditional polychromic FC, which has been used for 45 years, to spectral and microfluidic FC. Spectral FC enhances the resolution and discrimination of fluorochromes, expanding detectable parameters. Simultaneously, microfluidic FC introduces microscale technologies, promising precision, reduced sample volumes, and high-throughput capabilities. This review traces FC’s evolution, emphasizing its adaptability and enduring impact as it embraces innovations that promise unprecedented insights into cellular complexities.