Exploring the Root and Tubers: Alternative Plant Protein Sources for Sustainable Nutrition for Aquaculture in Nigeria

Rising human populations and declining wild catch rates have led to a 10–11% annual increase in global aquaculture production over the past three decades, and this trend is likely to continue. We expect the demand for aquafeed, which currently accounts for more than 70% of the operational cost, to soar as this growth continues. The primary and most expensive element in aquafeeds is fish meal (FM), which is a major source of animal protein. Aquafeeds contain protein, energy, vitamins, minerals, and vital amino acids. The aquaculture industry’s current rapid development and competition for FM’s limited global supply may have a negative impact on its availability and price. For the aquaculture business to remain viable, it is essential to identify alternative plant protein sources that are of high quality, affordable, and ecologically benign. Root and tuber plant parts contain a moderate amount of protein with an adequate amino acid profile and excellent biological values, coupled with the right minerals and vitamins for most domesticated aquatic species; hence, they have emerged not just as an essential livestock feed ingredient but also as an important alternative plant protein source. Additionally, they are affordable and widely available. However, roots and tubers contain a variety of anti-nutritional elements that can make feed less appetising and thus have an adverse effect on the development and well-being of aquacultured animal species. This chapter provides details on the nutritional value of root and tuber plants and their derivatives as alternative plant protein sources, as well as highlighting the drawbacks of their use in aquaculture feeds. Also examined and discussed are methods for improving the effectiveness of roots and tuber crops in aquafeeds.