Ewing Sarcoma

Ewing sarcoma is a rare and highly malignant tumor that occurs in adolescents and children. It presents clinically as a painful, local mass and pathologically as a small round cell malignancy with varying degrees of neuroectodermal differentiation. The diagnosis should be made with a combination of clinical manifestations, imaging, and pathologic findings, but specific chromosomal translocations, such as EWS-ETS family gene fusion and FUS-ETS gene fusion, have become important diagnostic indicators [1–4]. Fusion gene is not only vital in diagnosis and differential diagnosis but also provides a reference for targeted therapy and prognostic evaluation. For local Ewing sarcoma, radiotherapy is the traditional treatment. Surgical resection is a suitable therapy for small local Ewing sarcoma, and for larger localized Ewing sarcoma, surgery combined with radiotherapy is an option. No breakthrough has been made in the treatment of recurrent, refractory, metastatic Ewing sarcoma. Current studies have demonstrated that PARP inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors have targeted killing and inhibiting effects on Ewing sarcoma cells, but their clinical applications remain to be verified in more clinical trials [5, 6].