Alterations in Trace Elements and Dementia

Trace mineral elements are metals except selenium and halogens. Essential trace elements are those whose deficiency endangers the health of the body. Ten trace mineral elements have been recognized as essential in humans; only copper, iodine, iron, selenium, and zinc can be identified with deficiency states. Trace elements are stored in cells by several families of proteins. Deficiencies of trace elements are usually due to nutritional deficiencies, insufficient storage during feeding, or disease states in which intestinal absorption occurs. Trace elements usually act as cofactors for enzymes and regulate cell functions. The accumulation of metals in the brain indicates the important role of these substances in the nervous system. Deficiency of these metals is associated with various neurological diseases. This chapter aims to evaluate the effects and alterations of trace elements in dementia based on previous studies. In the current study, we discuss the most important trace elements for dementia diseases. We use experimental and review documents to support the claims. In sum, some trace elements have the protective role against dementia, while some others promote and induce dementia.