3D Printing and Virtual Reality in Preoperative Spine Planning

Three-dimensional (3D) printing and virtual reality (VR) have emerged as transformative tools in the preoperative planning of spine surgery. By enabling patient-specific anatomical visualization, these technologies enhance the surgeon’s understanding of complex spinal pathology and variability. 3D-printed models allow tactile evaluation of deformities, tumor involvement, and altered biomechanics, facilitating accurate surgical simulation and instrumentation planning. Virtual reality provides immersive, interactive environments for dynamic assessment of surgical corridors, implant trajectories, and risk structures. Together, 3D printing and VR support precise surgical decision-making, optimize operative strategies, and contribute to improved safety, efficiency, and outcomes in complex spinal procedures.