Occupational low back pain (OLBP) is a major contributor to work-related disability and represents a growing concern among healthcare workers worldwide. Low back pain affects a large proportion of the population during their lifetime and is particularly prevalent in occupations involving prolonged standing or sitting, repetitive movements, and manual handling. In healthcare settings, increasing patient loads, extended working hours, frequent patient transfers, and high psychosocial demands substantially increase the risk of OLBP, with nurses being disproportionately affected. The etiology of OLBP is multifactorial, resulting from the interaction of physical, psychological, and lifestyle-related factors. Mechanical loading of the spine, reduced physical activity, elevated body mass index, and cumulative occupational stress contribute to symptom development, while psychological factors such as anxiety, depression, and fear-avoidance beliefs influence pain persistence and recurrence. Comprehensive assessment therefore requires a biopsychosocial approach, incorporating clinical evaluation, identification of red flags, ergonomic risk assessment, and screening for psychosocial “yellow flags.” Management of OLBP primarily involves conservative strategies, including patient education, pharmacological pain control, exercise-based rehabilitation, and multidisciplinary interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy. Early and supported return to work with appropriate duty modification is essential for optimal functional recovery and prevention of chronic disability.