Genetic and Epigenetic Factors in Disc Degeneration

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a major cause of chronic low back pain and is now recognized as a multifactorial disorder with a strong genetic and epigenetic basis. Genetic factors significantly influence disc structure and susceptibility through alterations in extracellular matrix components, inflammatory pathways, and matrix-degrading enzymes. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and microRNAs, further regulate gene expression in response to environmental factors such as mechanical loading and smoking. The interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental exposure explains variability in disease progression and symptom severity. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for improved risk stratification and the development of targeted therapies.