Public goods traditionally possess the characteristics of non-excludability and non-rivalry in consumption, which are the foundational principles of classical public goods theory. These principles clarify the division of roles between government and market, as well as the rationale behind the specific approaches to providing public goods. However, the classical framework, as articulated by economist Paul Anthony Samuelson and others, does not adequately explain why goods that exhibit rivalry and excludability—such as basic education, healthcare services, and affordable housing—are also classified as public goods. To address this limitation, Chinese economists Jia Kang and Feng Qiaobin proposed an expanded definition of public goods, introducing the concept of “rights-ethics public goods.” Their ideas are detailed in their paper “Rights-Ethics Public Goods: On an Expanded Definition of Public Goods and Its Interpretation,” published in Economic Perspectives, Issue 7, 2010. This work aims to theoretically refine the classical definition of public goods.