Since entering the twenty-first century, under the background of economic globalization and internationalization of higher education, the discipline construction and development of demography in China has entered a rapid development period of keeping pace with the times. As an emerging discipline with the responsibility of promoting people’s all-round development and guiding society’s all-round progress, Chinese demography has gradually developed into an independent and relatively mature discipline by closely combining its own discipline development with national modernization, government decision-making, and major needs of people’s livelihood in the past years. Under the background of “implementing the spirit of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and prospering the development of philosophy and social sciences in colleges and universities” (Wang and Wang 2016), the demand of “Strengthening the research of population development Strategy” by General Secretary Xi Jinping, and the realistic demand of the rapid changes of population structure and social structure brought about by the deepening of reform and opening-up and modernization, the future development of population science in China faces both opportunities and challenges. How to grasp the opportunities of the times, actively respond to challenges, and continuously promote the construction of the demography discipline to perfection and prosperity has become a common concern of academic and political circles.