In 1662, John Graunt, the “father of demography,” drew the world’s first life table based on the data of births and deaths in London, which opened the door to modern demographic research. Fertility and death have also become an important topic in traditional demographic research. Since then, with the continuous development of Western demography, a large number of demographic studies and population thoughts have emerged, among which Thomas Robert Malthus’s population theory and Marxist Population view have the most far-reaching impact on Chinese demography. At the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century, Malthus wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population to explore the relationship between population growth and the growth of means of production (Malthus 2008). He believed that the population increased in geometric progression, while the means of living increased only in arithmetic progression. Population growth in a laissez faire state may bring about terrible consequences. Marxism believes that there is a dialectical relationship of unity of opposites between the production of material means and human beings. The production of material means acts on the development of human production, and human production will also react on the production of material means, which may promote or hinder it (Zha 1999).