The reform of property rights structure is an important part of the system reform in the past four decades of contemporary China. All of the following aspects are inseparably tied to property rights. They include the rural household contract responsibility system, development and restructuring of township enterprises, reform of state-owned enterprises, land use rights confirmation and circulation, land expropriation in the process of urbanization, and renovation of urban villages. The change of property rights structure not only profoundly alters China’s institutional structure and social ecology, but also provides important practical resources for academic research. Sociologists who closely follow up the process of social changes in China have also set their eyes on the research of property rights.