Recent Advancement in 3D and 4D Printing

Three-dimensional printing is being used for a long time popularly known as additive manufacturing which has vast area applications with different phenomena and materials like plastic, metals, ceramic, wood, and some advanced materials also. Four-dimensional printing integrated one more field of time to 3D-printing technology. The field of 4D design and materials has gathered weighty consideration in recent ages because of its ability to transfigure several streams, including manufacturing, health care, robotics, and architecture. This study explores the diverse range of materials used in 4D applications and discusses their properties and functionalities applied in the last five years. Investigators have been able to generate intricate structures that were difficult to manufacture using conventional methods thanks to recent advancements in additive manufacturing. Remotely controlled machines, multi-material (bioinspired) architectures employing algorithms and AI, ML to create tiny environments for cellular structures, and medication routes using additive manufacturing innovation have all been developed successfully by researchers.