Numerosity Sense and Mathematical Achievement

The association between numerosity sense and mathematical achievement is controversial in mathematical cognition. Much empirical evidence has been accumulated, resulting in inconsistent conclusions. Several large-size Chinese samples were recruited to systematically investigate the association. Three hypotheses were examined with the cohorts. (1) Numerosity sense is closely associated only with mathematical fluency but not mathematical problem-solving or reasoning, supporting mathematical fluency hypothesis. (2) Form perception measured using visual form perception tasks can fully account for the close association, supporting form perception hypothesis. (3) Form perceptual speed measured with the manipulation of the number of forms correlated with mathematical fluency, supporting form perceptual speed hypothesis.