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The 3Rs and Industrial Ecology

  • Adeel Shah,
  • Che Rosmawati Che Mat,
  • Alisa Ibrahim,
  • Yu Zhang,
  • Samreen Muzammil

摘要

The “3Rs” in environmental management, Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle, are fundamental waste hierarchy principles and global sustainability initiatives. This strategy seeks to minimize waste production, preserve natural resources, and decrease environmental contamination, promoting a more sustainable relationship between humans and the environment. Industrial ecology is an interdisciplinary framework that seeks to understand the complex interactions between industrial systems and natural ecosystems.