New Frontiers of Corneal Endothelial Regeneration: Descemet Membrane Endothelial Transfer, Descemet Stripping Only, Hemi-DMEK, Quarter-DMEK, and Cultured Corneal Endothelial Cells

Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) has revolutionized surgery to replace diseased or decimated corneal endothelial cells in patients with corneal endothelial dysfunction, including Fuchs endothelial dystrophy (FED) and bullous keratopathy (BK) [1]. However, DMEK is often regarded technically challenging, and postoperatively chronic topical steroid use and long-term clinical follow-up are required [2]. Furthermore, in many areas of the world, corneal tissue remains scarce [3–5]. Less invasive or less technically challenging procedures are under development to improve upon DMEK outcomes.