Biofortification of Iron and Zinc in Cereal Crops: A Genetic Engineering and Genome Editing Perspective

As the world relies largely on staple foods, particularly wheat and rice, deficiencies in key minerals such as iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) must be addressed. These grains often lack important nutrients required for vital physiological functions in humans, leading to severe health implications including anemia, liver disorders, cognitive impairment, and weakened immunity. Phytate-containing grain proteins exacerbate the problem in high-phytate diets. Conventional breeding procedures are hindered by limited genetic variability. Emerging techniques like CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and candidate gene transfer by Agrobacterium offer possible avenues for augmenting grain iron and zinc content in major cereal crops. To address global malnutrition comprehensively, ongoing endeavors must focus on enhancing mineral bioavailability and content. This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of the current research status, challenges, and advancements in genetically altering rice and wheat to biofortify micronutrients in order to ensure sustained nutritional security.