Conclusion

The value creation process is a key mechanism using technology which enhances ‘smartness’ to build resilience and sustainability. Combining the literature review with the analysis of the survey results of this research, a key additional finding is that the value creation process is complex, evolutional and occurs across several city dimensions and layers. A few key findings are as follows: (1) Establishing a smart, resilient city is one of the major solutions to address the challenges caused by rapid urbanization in developing countries, (2) Utilizing soft assets are vital to creating sustainable urban solutions, which need a proper assessment framework, (3) A comparative analysis of smart cities shows consistency between proposal and implementation stages and also correlation with livability indexes, (4) Resilience is also supported by robust infrastructure, data and technology, community-led resilience initiatives, adaptation to environmental issues, sound leadership and institutional capacity, and (5) A qualitative framework and reciprocal co-value creation model could be one useful entry point to measure how soft assets can be more effectively incorporated into the planning and implementation stages of smart, resilient cities.