Error Control

Localization algorithms, particularly those that are range-based and utilize distance-ranging techniques, inevitably encounter measurement errors. Broadly, these errors are categorized into two types: extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic errors stem from physical influences affecting the measurement channel. Factors such as obstacles, multipath and shadowing effects, and variations in signal propagation speed due to environmental changes contribute to this category of error. Conversely, intrinsic errors arise from the limitations inherent in the hardware and software used.