Machining of Hydroxyapatite Using Ultrasonic Machining for Biomedical Applications

Ultrasonic machining (USM) is indeed a non-traditional machining technique specifically designed for processing hard and brittle materials that are difficult to machine using conventional methods. In USM, abrasive particles are indent inside the substrate by ultrasonic vibration of the tool to remove material. Unlike some other machining methods, USM has no impact on the thermal, electrical, or chemical properties of the workpiece. The present study investigates various USM processes along with different input parameters such as feed rate, amplitude, frequency, and tool rotation, and output parameters such as MRR, overcut, edge chipping, and tool wear. This article reviews the input and output factors for machining bio-ceramic materials discussed by various researchers in detail.