Microbial Ecology in Microplastics: Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems and Bioremediation

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), which are hazardous contaminants that impair the environment, biota, and human health, are made from plastic that has been dumped into the environment. These pollutants are widespread environmental hazards with negative effects on human health. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in aquatic environments facilitates the photodegradation of MPs into NPs. The photodegradation mechanism of MPs into NPs is triggered by UV radiation. The process is then directed by free radicals (hydroxyl, alkoxyl, and alkyl peroxyl) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which start a chain reaction and eventually convert MPs to NPs. Sedimentation and buoyancy are important factors in the conversion of MPs into NPs. One problem posed by plastic particles is the surface adsorption of dangerous chemical pollutants, which may have an impact on how they enter the environment. MPs and NPs serve as vectors for contamination by transporting pollutants (metallic, organic, etc.) and exposing the biota to toxicity. Additionally, tiny plastic particles can carry dangerous microorganisms. For example, MP surfaces can adsorb microbes that are resistant to a variety of antibiotics. Advances in polymer science have been examined concerning the toxicity, transport, and fate of MPs and NPs in earlier studies. This chapter discusses how biofilms affect genes and ecosystems in the environment, as well as how they affect plastic surfaces (such as the plastisphere). It also goes through how the chemistry and ecotoxicity of plastics can be impacted by interactions between bacteria and microplastics. The need for regulation in reducing plastic pollution is explored, along with biodegradation, phytoremediation, and other remediation approaches for MPs and NPs.