Metal Nanoparticles on Overcoming Several Abnormal Phenomena in Plant Micropropagation

Micropropagation, a popular propagation method for many types of plants, has created large numbers of genetically identical and disease-free plantlets and has been a tool for preserving genetic resources, studying physiology and biochemistry, and overcoming the limitations of traditional breeding methods. However, this method still has limitations such as abnormal morphology and abnormal phenomena leading to low shoot quality, plant degeneration, and reduced propagation coefficient. In addition, sterilization conditions have a great influence on the plantlet growth when acclimatized in the greenhouse. Therefore, improving and optimizing the culture system and improving plantlet quality are always one of the main goals of commercial micropropagation. Recent research has succeeded in overcoming some abnormal phenomena in some plants. Therefore, the abnormal phenomena of vitrification, leaf abscission, leaf yellowing, browning of explants and medium, callus at the base, etc. were better understood via morphology and anatomy, and the mechanism of impact of some factors on abnormal phenomena, physiology-biochemistry (antioxidant enzymes, chlorophyll, ethylene, hydrolytic enzymes, endogenous hormones, carbohydrates,) and subsequent growth of plantlets is described.