Fluorescence-Based Nanosensors for Detection and Quantification of Nanovesicles at the Nanoscale

Nanovesicles, including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, serve as crucial mediators of intercellular communication by transporting biological material between cells. Despite their shared impact on host immunity, nanovesicles exhibit diverse biogenesis and distinct protein compositions. Exosomes play a crucial role in cellular cargo transport and are gaining attention as potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for cancer. However, isolating highly pure subpopulations of nanovesicles poses a significant challenge due to their similarity in size to other contaminants. Researchers are continuously developing innovative approaches for nanovesicle isolation and analysis to overcome these challenges. Recent literature highlights a shift toward embracing novel nanosensors for the isolation, quantification, and characterization of nanovesicles. This chapter explores advancements in fluorescence sensors, revolutionizing nanovesicle analysis by reducing sample volume requirements and enhancing isolation precision. The combination of biosensor and fluorescent technologies demonstrates unparalleled selectivity and sensitivity in detecting and quantifying extracellular vesicles (EVs), offering boundless promise in biomedicine and clinical translation. These advancements represent a significant leap forward in understanding nanovesicle biology and harnessing their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.