Border Effects and Industrial Upgrading in China’s Borderlands in the Context of Integration

China’s borderland economies are dominated by resource industries characterized by extensive exploitation of resources. In the borderlands of China and its neighboring countries, where resources are abundant, the factors of production are concentrated in these industries, hindering the development of technology-intensive industries in the borderlands. In a closed economy, industry agglomerates in inland areas. In the context of integration, the degree of industry agglomeration in the borderlands depends on both the domestic industrial structure and the industrial structure of neighboring countries.