Radioactive waste encapsulation in cement and concrete involves the stabilization and solidification of radioactive substances using cementitious materials to prevent the release of radioactivity into the environment. This process is critical for safely managing waste from nuclear reactors, research facilities, and medical applications. The mechanism of encapsulation includes physical and chemical interactions between radioactive isotopes and the cement matrix. Cement-based materials are chosen for their ability to immobilize radionuclides through adsorption, chemical reactions forming insoluble compounds, and microstructural encapsulation.