Greenhouse gas emissions from cement and concrete production are a significant environmental concern, primarily due to the carbon dioxide (CO 2) released during the manufacture of Portland cement. Approximately 5% of global CO 2 emissions are attributed to cement production, stemming from both the chemical processes involved and the energy consumed during manufacturing. The calcination of limestone (calcium carbonate) in the production of cement clinker releases large amounts of CO 2 as a byproduct. Reducing these emissions is crucial for the construction industry’s sustainability efforts, aiming to mitigate climate change impacts and comply with increasingly stringent environmental regulations.