External confinement in the context of cement and concrete refers to the practice of reinforcing concrete structures with external materials to enhance their mechanical properties, particularly their strength and ductility. This technique is commonly applied using fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP), steel wraps, or composite jackets. External confinement is crucial for improving the seismic resilience of structures, increasing their load-bearing capacity, and extending their lifespan, especially in areas prone to environmental extremes such as earthquakes, high winds, or corrosive atmospheres.