Environmental issues associated with cement and concrete production are significant due to the extensive use of these materials in global construction. Key concerns include high CO 2 emissions from cement production, considerable energy consumption, depletion of natural resources (like limestone and sand), and the environmental impact of waste concrete in landfills. The cement industry is one of the largest producers of CO 2 due to the calcination of limestone and the burning of fossil fuels. Addressing these environmental issues is crucial for reducing the ecological footprint of building materials and for moving toward more sustainable construction practices.